Penis cancer, though thankfully rare, is on the rise according to experts who predict a 77% increase in cases by 2050. While developing countries traditionally have the highest rates of penis cancer, cases are also increasing in many European countries. As populations age, the number of cases tends to go up, with being over 50 being one of the main risk factors. Europe, with its aging population, is particularly susceptible to this trend.
Risk Factors and Causes
There are several risk factors associated with penis cancer, including having a narrowed foreskin, poor genital hygiene, and smoking tobacco. Interestingly, being circumcised at birth significantly reduces the risk of developing penis cancer. Squamous cells in the skin of the penis are responsible for over 90% of penis cancers, with other malignancies such as melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma being less frequent. Infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) has been identified in about half of squamous cell cancer cases.
HPV spread through skin contact is a common sexually transmitted infection. Over 70% of sexually active adults will contract papillomavirus infections, which usually do not cause symptoms and can disappear over time without complications. Unfortunately, previous infection with HPV does not protect against future infection. In the case of penis cancer, persistent HPV infections just below the skin’s surface can lead to pre-malignant changes and the development of ulcers or warts.
Diagnosing penis cancer is often delayed as patients may experience guilt or embarrassment, leading them to self-medicate with antimicrobial or steroid creams instead of seeking medical attention. Additionally, some lesions are misclassified as benign by doctors, contributing to further delays in diagnosis. Swift identification and treatment are crucial, especially if malignant cells have spread to the groin lymph glands, as this significantly reduces the chances of a cure. Treatment options include laser or micro-surgery to remove cancerous tissue, which may be combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In severe cases where tumors do not respond to treatment, amputation of the penis may be necessary.
New Treatment Approaches
Despite the challenges posed by penis cancer, new treatment approaches show promise in improving outcomes for patients. Engineered T cells that target HPV-infected cells and immunotherapies such as tislelizumab have been effective in some cases. These innovative therapies offer hope for individuals battling this rare and concerning form of cancer.
By understanding the risk factors, causes, and treatment options associated with penis cancer, individuals can take proactive steps to protect their health and seek timely medical intervention if needed. Increased awareness and early detection are crucial in addressing the rising rates of penis cancer and improving outcomes for affected individuals.
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